An Updated Look at Home Canning

Holly H. Garner, Elizabeth L. Andress, Ph.D., Anne L. Sweaney, Ph.D., The University of Georgia, Extension Foods and Nutrition, 208 Hoke Smith Annex, Athens, GA 30602-4356.

Presented at the Society for Nutrition Education Annual Conference, St. Paul, MN, July 29, 2002.

Abstract

Home canning is a traditionally popular means of preserving seasonal produce or specialty foods. The last comprehensive survey of U.S. canning practices, published in 1979 by USDA, studied consumer practices used in 1975. Significant lapses in appropriate techniques were documented and later survey reports by others have not revealed major shifts toward improved practices. As research yields new information about how to safely preserve foods and recommended practices for consumers are subsequently changed, people do not necessarily adopt the revised recommendations. Therefore, trained interviewers at the Survey Research Center, University of Georgia, conducted two surveys to determine practices and information sources currently being used by home canners. Between October 2000 and January 2001, 135 telephone interviews from households randomly selected throughout the U.S. were completed. In October 2001, 179 Georgians answered questions in another random telephone survey. Compared to the 1970’s, current findings indicate changes in the amount and types of foods canned at home, as well as methods used. They also document continued use of high-risk practices, including some that could lead to botulism. Friends or relatives are the primary source of instructions for today’s home canners (43.5% in the national survey, 55.1% in the Georgia survey); this practice could promote continued use of outdated information. More people can low-acid vegetables than tomato products or fruits and many use unsafe methods in doing so. Findings document knowledge and canning methods that should be targeted in educational programs for this population. This project was supported by CSREES-USDA under Agreement No. 00-51110-9762.

Introduction

Home canning is a popular means for preserving seasonal produce or specialty foods that helps maintain food for longer periods of time without losing its nutrient content. Although times have changed, many people still use the same food preservation methods that their grandparents did. This presents a problem because as more is understood about how to safely preserve foods the methods people use should be revised and updated as needed. Past surveys have shown that home canners use outdated and even unsafe procedures (2,3). Food was being preserved by methods that increase the risk for spoilage and the health problems that are associated with the consumption of these foods. Therefore, information is needed about the extent to which today’s consumers are canning foods at home, how they obtain their instructions, and if they are using safe procedures.

Objectives

The objectives for this study were to:

Methods

Two telephone surveys were conducted in 2000-2001 by the National Center for Home Food Preservation (NCHFP) at the University of Georgia (UGA) in conjunction with the Survey Research Center (SRC), UGA. Structuring and supervision in an interviewer’s work is essential in order to gather data in a controlled and standardized fashion (4). Thus, interviewers trained in survey research and telephone-interviewing technology by the SRC were used for the interviewing in both surveys. Appropriate supervision during interviews provided quality control. Probability analyses estimated that the number of interviews conducted were more than sufficient to achieve the target levels of precision and accuracy in drawing conclusions on population responses based on sample estimates (1).

Between October 2000 and January 2001, 135 telephone interviews from households randomly selected throughout the U.S. were completed as part of a national survey. A 42-item survey instrument that included 16 open-ended questions was developed by the NCHFP and refined with the assistance of the SRC. 1244 eligible respondents were contacted; these yielded the 501 complete interviews of people canning and/or freezing food at home, for a cooperation rate of 40.3%. Of the 501 in the study, 135 (27%) canned food at home during 1999.

Then in November 2001, 179 Georgians answered a series of 10 home canning questions in another state telephone survey, the Georgia Poll. The Georgia Poll is conducted routinely in a random sampling of adult residents for the purpose of learning the attitudes and opinions of respondents towards several key sets of questions, as well as information about local and national affairs. The home canning interviews were a subset of 427 completed telephone interviews in the Georgia Poll. The cooperation rate for the overall study was 40.5%.

Data from these two UGA surveys were compared to the results of a 1976 national survey conducted by USDA (2). The methodologies for each of these studies are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of Canning Surveys
Study Brief Study Description Study Dates Code*
Davis and Page, 1979
  • National study of home canners; surveyed canning practices used in 1975.

  • 979 questionnaires were obtained from 1,031 home canners identified in an initial screening to locate home canners. The initial sampling resulted from a statistically valid sample drawn to represent all private households in the conterminous U.S. consistent with census data. 901 completed questionnaires were used in analyses.
1976 USDA
Andress, et al., unpublished
  • National Center for Home Food Preservation survey of individuals primarily responsible for household food preparation to determine activity level of home canning and freezing and use of critical safety practices.

  • Interviews completed by the Survey Research Center at the University of Georgia between October 24, 2000 and January 10, 2001.

  • Eligibility of respondents was determined by asking, if in 1999, anyone in the household either canned foods or froze foods other than foods that were purchased in the supermarket. Sample of home canners consisted of 135 interviews.
2000-2001 NCHFP
Andress, et al., unpublished
  • National Center for Home Food Preservation placed 10 home canning questions in a statewide telephone survey (the Georgia Poll, a survey about local and national affairs).

  • Interviews were completed by the Survey Research Center at the University of Georgia in November 2001. Respondents were a random representative sample of the adult population.

  • In Fall 2001, respondents were asked about their canning practices during the “past year.”
2001 GaPOLL
* This acronym will be used throughout this paper to represent the study under consideration.

Results and Discussion

Table 2. Demographic Characteristics of Home Canners
Characteristic USDA Categories USDA Sample NCHFP & GaPOLL Categories NCHFP Sample GaPOLL Sample
Age Under 25 10 18-24 7 13
25-34 21 25-34 17 18
35-49 28 35-49 30 33
50-64 24 50-64 20 26
65 and over 15 65 and over 21 9
Education Grade school or less 17 Less than high school 16 7
High school or less 18 High School (GED) 28 26
High school graduate 36 Less than 4yr. degree 25 33
Vocational training 5 Bachelor degree 21 20
College or more 22 Post Graduate 7 15
Income Under $5,000 14 <$14,999 4 5
$5,000-$12,499 30 $15,000-$24,999 6 6
$12,500-$19,999 27 $25,000-$34,999 7 9
$20,000 and over 11 $35,000-$49,999 16 13
Other* 16 $50,000-$74,999 14 12
    $75,000 or more 13 27
    Other* 41 29
Total Sample Size   901 135 179
* Other responses include Don't Know/Refused/Not Answered.

Table 3. Percentage of Households Canning Varous Products
  SURVEY
PRODUCT USDA NCHFP GaPOLL
Tomatoes 73.0 60.0 34.3
Fruits 56.0 47.4 31.5
Vegetables 51.0/18.0* 71.1 47.8
Jams/Jellies 41.0/41.0 Not asked 26.4
Pickles 48.0 Not asked 12.4
* Percent canning low acid vegetables/vegetable mixtures (separate questions in the USDA survey).

Table 4. Percentage of Home Canners Using Various Sources for Instructions.
SURVEY
SOURCE USDA NCHFP GaPOLL
USDA Publications 9.0 3.2 1.9
Extension Publications 11.0 0.8 3.1
Cookbook 42.6 16.8 15.8
Magazines or Newspapers 12.2 0.8 3.8
Friends or Relatives 60.4 43.5 55.1
Manufacturers* 9.8 11.5 7.6
Other No Data 21.5 15.8
* Manufacturer's cookbook.

Table 5. Percentages Using Various Methods for Canning Acid and Low Acid Foods.
  Survey
  USDA NCHFP GaPOLL
METHODS Fruits & Tomatoes* Vegetables** Fruits & Tomatoes Vegetables Fruits & Tomatoes Vegetables
Boiling Water 52.8/51.5 39.2/27.9 55.0 34.4 56.4 46.3
Pressure Cooker 4.0/3.9 10.0/5.1 16.0 16.1 29.0 24.5
Pressure Canner 14.9/20.8 46.6/38.0 11.0 28.1 22.5 8.3
Oven Less than 1% Less than 1% 2.0 3.3 8.8 7.4
Open Kettle 43.6/35.1 13.5/24.8 14.0 13.0 21.7 15.8
Other Responses*** No Data No Data 2.0 4.4 12.8 19.4

* Percent canning fruits/tomatoes (separate questions in the USDA survey).
** Percent canning low-acid vegetables/vegetable mixtures (separate questions in the USDA survey).
*** Other Responses includes Don't Know, Refused/Not Answered.

Table 6. Percentages of Home Canners Using Various Methods.
  SURVEY*
Methods USDA** GaPOLL
Boiling Water Canner 12.6/9.5 48.8
Pressure*** 3.9/5.1 7.0
Oven Less than 1% 9.3
Open Kettle 85.1/87.0 34.9
Other Responses**** No data 9.3
* No data available from NCHFP Survey.
** Percent Canning Jams/jellies (separate questions in the USDA survey).
*** Includes responses of pressure canner and pressure cooker, combined.
**** Other Responses includes Don't Know, Refused/Not Answered.

Conclusions

References

  1. Bason, J. 2001. Materials and methods statement. Survey Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA.

  2. Davis, C. A., and L. Page. 1979. Practices used for home canning of fruits and vegetables. USDA Home Economics Research Report No. 43. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

  3. Hatfield, K. 1981. Changing home food production and preservation patterns. National Food Review 27:22-25.

  4. Lavrakas, P. J. 1987. Telephone Survey Methods: Sampling, Selection and Supervision. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Volume 7. SAGE Publications, CA.


This material is based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 00-51110-9762.

Document Use:

Permission is granted to reproduce these materials in whole or in part for educational purposes only (not for profit beyond the cost of reproduction) provided the authors and the University of Georgia receive acknowledgment and this notice is included:

Reprinted with permission of the University of Georgia. Garner, H.H., E.L. Andress, and A.L. Sweaney. 2002. An updated look at home canning. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia, Cooperative Extension Service.

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Contact:

National Center for Home Food Preservation
208 Hoke Smith Annex
University of Georgia
Athens, GA 30602-4356

Tel: (706) 542-3773
Fax: (706) 542-1979
Web: http://www.homefoodpreservation.com